biological effects of pollutants. Critics say this is perhaps the weakest part of the study because the equations are based in large part on opinion rather than proved fact, unavailable in most cases. Dr. Meadows counters that the numbers are good because the model fits the actual trends from 1900 to 1970. The model was used to test the impact of various alternative future policies designed to ward off the world collapse envisioned if no action is taken. For example, it is often argued that continuing technological advances, such as nuclear power, will keep pushing back the limits of economic and population growth. **** Little Benefit To test this argument, the MIT team assumed that resources were doubled and that recycling reduced demand for them to one-fourth. The computer run found little benefit in this since pollution became overwhelming and caused collapse. Adding pollution control to the assumptions was no better; food production dropped. Even assuming "unlimited” resources, pollution control, better agricultural productivity and effective birth control, the world system eventually grinds to a halt with rise in pollution, falling food output and falling population. “Our attempts to use even the most optimistic estimates of the benefits of technology,” the report said, "did not, in any case postpone the collapse beyond the year 2100.” Skeptics argue that there is no way to imagine what kind of spectacular new technologies are over the horizon. "If we were building and making cars the way we did 30 years ago we would have run out of steel before now, I imagine, but you get substitution of materials," said Robert M. Solow, an MIT economist not connected with the Club of Rome project. [Image] Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell – Ed Abbey [Image] At any rate, the MIT group went on to test the impact of other approaches, such as stabilizing population and industrial capacity. Zero population growth alone did very little, since industrial output continued to grow, it was found. If both population and industrial growth are stabilized by 1985, then world stability is achieved for a time, but sooner or later resource shortages develop, the study said. Ultimately, by testing different variations, the team came up with a system that they believe capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of mankind yet sustainable without sudden collapse. They said such a world would require the following: • Stabilization of population and industrial capacity. • Sharp reduction in pollution and in resource consumption per unit of industrial output. • Introduction of efficient technological methods-recycling of resources, pollution control, restoration of eroded land and prolonged use of capital. • Shift in emphasis away from factory-produced goods toward food and nonmaterial services, such as education and health. The report is vague about how all this is to be achieved in a world in which leaders often disagree even over the shape of a conference table. Even so, critics are not sanguine about what kind of a world it would be. Dr. Meadows agrees it would not be a Utopia, but nevertheless does not foresee stagnation. “A society released from struggling with the many problems caused by growth may have more energy and ingenuity available for solving other problems,” he says, citing such pursuits as education, arts, music and religion. Many economists doubt that a no-growth world is possible. Given human motivations and diversity, they say, there will always be instability. “The only way to make it stable is to assume that people will become very routine-minded, with no independent thought and very little freedom, each generation doing exactly what the last did,” says Dr. Wallich. “I can't say I'm enamored with that vision." **** What of Africa? “Can you expect billions of Asians and Africans to live forever at roughly their standard of living while we go on forever at ours?" asked Dr. Solow. Dr. Wallich terms no-growth "an upper-income baby," adding: “They've got enough money, and now they want a world fit for them to travel in and look at the poor." The MIT team agrees that there is no assurance that “humanity’s moral resources would be sufficient to solve the problem of income distribution.” But, it contends, "there is even less assurance that such social problems will be solved in the present state of growth, which is straining both the moral and physical resources of the world’s people.” The report ends hopefully, stating that man has what is physically needed to create a lasting society. “The two missing ingredients are a realistic long-term goal that can guide mankind to the equilibrium society and the human will to achieve that goal," it observes. Collaborating with Dr. Meadows in writing “The Limits to Growth,”-were his wife, Donella, a biophysicist; Jorgen Renders, a physicist, and William W. Behrens 3d, an engineer. They were part of a 17-member international team working with more than $200,000 in grants from the Volkswagen Foundation in Germany. [Image] All animals, except man adapt according to their environment. Man changes his environment, making it adapt to him – R. Buckminster Fuller